Ceramic Mug Group, Bone china, the basic process is to animal bone charcoal, clay, feldspar and quartz as the basic raw materials, after high-temperature firing and low-temperature glaze fired twice made of a kind of porcelain. The two basic features of bone china are the essential basis for distinguishing bone china from other porcelains. Characteristic one: bone charcoal content of 36% or more (national standard); Characteristic two: after the second firing and become (plain firing, glaze firing). According to the bone china standard set by the United Kingdom, contains thirty percent from animal bones in the tricalcium phosphate, and the finished product has a light transmittance, to be called bone china. In the United States, the standard is at least 25%.
1. History of bone china
Bone china was first produced in England, invented around 1800. Bone china invention course is quite comical, began to Thomas Frye (Thomas Frye) in the manufacturing process accidentally mixed with animal bone powder, after Josiah Spode (Josiah Spode) continue to study and get, the earliest its basic formula is six parts of bone powder and four parts of the stone, but gradually developed into fifty parts of the bone powder and twenty-five parts of the stone and twenty-five parts of the clay, until today in the England has been recognized as the standard recipe. Over the past two hundred years, bone china through generations of master craftsmen's hands, gradually developed into the world's ceramic treasures.
The production of bone china began in England, but who actually made the first bone china is still not conclusive, the academic community generally believe that the first successful production of bone china in England is Josiah Spode (Josiah Spode) (1755-1827). Josiah Spode Josiah Spode made bone china by combining calcined Josiah Spode mixed calcined bone directly with china clay and mineral fluxes to become the traditional raw material for hard porcelain, which he successfully tested in the early 19th century. He then began a systematic study of formulas for the production of bone china, and by the end of 1821, the ratio of bone ash to china stone was "standardized", when feldspar was thought to be the most important raw material. At that time, it was believed that feldspar as a flux containing bone ash 46% of the blanks produced porcelain is the best product. After a long period of exploration, in 1756, an Englishman in the firing of porcelain in the kaolin add the use of animal bones ground into bone meal, surprisingly burned like fat like jade porcelain. Jade porcelain. Because of the bone powder this ingredient can increase the hardness and translucency of porcelain, and the strength is higher than the general porcelain, so it can be done than the general porcelain is thinner, more translucent, more white. This gave birth to a new type of bone china.
The emergence of bone china to make the British ceramic grade has taken a qualitative leap to meet the British consumers hope that not only high strength and elegant and beautiful porcelain requirements, so bone china was produced by a great deal of attention, bone china production process formula was imitated by industry insiders The recipe for the production process of bone china was copied by the industry and spread. The Longton region of England became the first production site for bone china. A number of workshops sprang up to try their hand at producing bone china.
John Doulton was one of the most famous representatives of bone china production. About 190 years ago, he set up his own workshop, which produced only rough earthenware. After his death, his son Henry followed in his father's footsteps and showed great skill in product reform and In 1877, because of his outstanding skills in the porcelain industry and the production of quality products, known as the "great potter" Henry was the King of England, "Sir" title, in recognition of his merits in the British porcelain industry. In 1901 In 1901, he was awarded by King Edward VII, was awarded the "Royal" trademark, become the world's consensus on the quality of bone china brand. 1966, rich in innovative spirit of Henry, once again won the "Queen's innovative industrial technology" award. So that it embarked on a porcelain career ROYAL DOULTON has gradually become the largest British
bone china export manufacturer.
2. Characteristics of bone china
Bone china material is exquisite, fine production, strict standards, its regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other indicators are extremely high requirements. Due to the complexity of high-grade bone china process, production is more difficult than ordinary daily-use porcelain, its production technology is difficult to popularize.
Bone china because of its unique shape, simple and bright, white and delicate texture, for a long time has been the aristocracy of countries with porcelain.
Bone china produced in the United Kingdom a high-grade porcelain, has a history of more than 260 years. Because of its "thin as paper, translucent as a mirror, sound as a chime, white as jade", the porcelain is delicate and transparent, beautiful and elegant, color surface glossy, colorful flower surface characteristics, achievements of its white texture and noble shape, both the use of the dual-value and art, the history of the palace specialties and the collection of treasures of the aristocracy. Bone china after generations of master craftsmen's hands, gradually become the world's ceramic treasures.
Bone china is the British royal special porcelain is also the Zhongnanhai
designated porcelain coffee mug, it is recognized as the world's high-grade porcelain. Bone china tableware not only has a beautiful appearance, but also has the quality of maintaining people's health. Bone china is in the traditional ceramic raw materials added to the animal bone powder after firing and become, tire thin and bright, with greater toughness. Bone china is a green ceramic spokesman, glazed bone china is fused to the picture in a high-temperature transparent glaze, and the picture is not easy to wear and tear, do not fall off, can be deservedly called "health ceramics".
Bone china material is exquisite, fine production, strict standards, its regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are extremely high requirements. Bone china various Chinese and Western tableware with its high quality, high style, high grade to become a major star hotel upgrade must choose porcelain. Bone china tea set, coffee set family set has become the ideal appliances for all sizes of companies and wealthy families, but also the best gift for friends and relatives.
3.Bone china production process
1). Raw material
Excellent bone china is made by adding a large amount of cow's bone meal containing fewer impurities to the raw materials of feldspar, gueldspar, and clay as the main raw materials, and the molding is made by adding a large amount of cow's bone meal containing fewer impurities to the raw materials: because the raw materials contain a large amount of bone meal, it makes the clay less viscous, and so the molding needs to be made with extra care during the process of production.
2). Firing
(1). After the molding process to 1250 ℃ of the highest temperature calcination, calcination process due to bone china shrinkage is very large, so after kiln firing the finished product will shrink 20% (general porcelain shrinkage of 7%), so the shape of the deformation, plates, bowls, etc. must be placed on top of the special Converse bowl for a long time to burn training.
(2). After that, shape bending and size checking, grinding the surface with a sprayer sprayed with glaze, into the kiln for 1150 ℃ glaze firing.
3). Coloring
The general coloring method is to put transfer paper on the white texture of the finished product and fire it at 820℃.
Inspection Strict inspections are carried out at each stage, and only qualified products are sent to the next stage to be made into finished products for shipment.
4.The main characteristics of bone china
1). Appearance of beauty: porcelain is delicate and transparent, beautiful and elegant, colorful surface moist and shiny, colorful flower surface.
2). High-grade: produced in Britain, has long been the British royal family and the aristocracy of the special porcelain, is a high-grade porcelain, both the use and the double value of art.
3). Craftsmanship: the second firing, complex technology, only the United Kingdom, China, Korea, Japan, Germany, Russia, Thailand have production.
4). Processing is difficult: in the firing process, the degree of regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are extremely high requirements, resulting in a high rate of scrap.
5. Identification of bone china
1). Color: bone china contains powder because the porcelain itself presents a natural milky white, in layman's terms is with a bit of yellow, this feature is any other porcelain can not be imitated.
2). Transparency: bone china itself to make the recipe for the reason that there is an important external feature is permeability, but this feature is not exclusive to bone china, the market of shellfish porcelain, white porcelain, pearl porcelain as long as you do some of the thin, there is also permeability, but bone china and their The permeability of bone china is different, for customers, bone china in the light bulb to see, bone meal content of high-grade bone china is the whole permeable, bone meal content of bone china and other types of bone china and other porcelain in the effect of permeability is a clear difference. Moreover, the same thickness of porcelain, bone The permeability of bone china is much higher than similar porcelains.
3). Sound: the two high-grade bone china products gently collide, the sound emitted like the sound of wind chimes as pleasant, and there will be a few seconds of echo, while the other porcelain species is basically no. 6.
6. Bone china maintenance
1). Try to wash by hand. If you really do not want to wash by hand, you need to choose a "porcelain and crystal" type of washing function of the dishwasher.
2). Do not microwave dishes that contain gold (unless they contain microwavable gold).
3). Choose a detergent with a pH value between 11 and 11.5.
4). When washing with water, the water temperature should preferably not exceed 80°C.
5). Do not immerse the hot cup directly into cold water to avoid damage to the porcelain by rapid change of temperature.
6). If the product is slightly scratched, use toothpaste to polish it gently to minimize the scratches.
7). If there are tea stains, use lemon juice or vinegar to clean.
8). It is better not to use the product in sudden heat or cold, in order to avoid cracking.
9). Don't put it on the open fire directly (except for the stewing pot).
10). Bone china is delicate and needs careful maintenance.
11). Bone china's in the process of use do not excessive hot and cold alternation, such as in the bone china poured into boiling water, should first use warm boiling water to scald the mug, and then poured into the boiling water, in order to prevent bursting.
7. Selection of bone china
1). Look: the color is milky white, the glaze is uniform, the tire is thin and bright, refreshing.
2). Listen: the left hand palm straight, stretching flat, the bone china vessel in the palm, the right hand hit the edge of the vessel, the sound is crisp and clear, there is a residual sound.
3). Transparent: the cup over the light source, light transmission, soft color for the best.
8. Classification of bone china
1). New Bone China
New bone china is generally called New Bone, Canton Fair no one in the name behind the word China, which was originally an ordinary high-white porcelain, calcium oxide content in the composition is slightly higher than ordinary porcelain, there is a certain degree of translucency, shrewd manufacturers have given up a The name of a dragon and phoenix, called the new bone china. The main difference between its and bone china (bone china) has the following points:
(1). The raw materials used are different, bone china added more than 40% of bone meal, the new bone china did not add bone meal;
(2). Bone china is fired twice, while new bone china is fired once;
(3). Bone china has a softer whiteness than new bone china, higher transparency, lighter porcelain, and far better appearance than new bone china;
(4). Listen to the sound: the bone china in the heart of the hand, take a pen or a small stick to knock down the bone china bowl will sound like a bell like a ringing sound;
In short, the new bone china is not a new variety of bone china, but to borrow the name only.
2). Low Bone China
Low bone china, is a newly developed porcelain, and bone china has a few blood relations. Generally speaking, raw materials containing 10% bone meal porcelain can be called low-bone china, and bone china generally contains about 40% bone meal; it has and bone china comparable transparency, thinness and finish, but the price of the porcelain. Degree of transparency, thinness and finish, while the price is much cheaper than bone china. Therefore, just one side of the market by the low-grade hotels welcome. It has the following characteristics:
(1). The color of low bone china is the natural milky white color unique to natural bone powder, beautiful and generous!
(2). Appearance: fine and transparent porcelain, beautiful and elegant, colorful surface as jade, colorful flower surface.
(3). High strength, fine and hard products are not easy to wear and rupture, 180 ℃ and 20 ℃ heat exchange in water once without cracking, water absorption rate of less than 0.003%, suitable for dishwashers.
(4). With translucency, lightweight, mainly for mid-range hotel forecourt table, high-grade hotel table and kitchen use.
Although low bone china has most of the characteristics of bone china and popular, but there are differences between the two:
(1). The difference in the content of bone meal: generally contains 10% of bone meal can be called low bone china, while bone china needs to contain more than 30%.
(2). High bone china is required to be fired twice, while low bone china only needs to be fired once.
(3). High bone china is glazed after the product is plain fired and then glazed through a spray gun, while low bone china is glazed by simply dipping the entire clay blank into the glaze and then removing it to dry.
Note that, in general, most of the bone china produced in Tangshan is high bone china, Jingdezhen produced mostly low bone china.
9. The difference between white porcelain and bone china
How to distinguish between white porcelain and bone china when buying? In fact, the method is very simple. Summarized is the following four points: estimate the weight, look at the shape, identify the color, listen to the sound.
1). Estimated weight: weight above the white porcelain, bone china, the two comparisons, the same weight of the porcelain shape is generally said to be slightly heavier white porcelain, bone china lighter.
2). Observation shape: shape to distinguish, because of the process and raw materials, bone china relative to white porcelain is thinner, more rounded and smooth shape, better light transmission.
3). Identify the color: high-grade bone china porcelain fine and dense, smooth surface, glaze bright, color is a natural milky white, the higher the content of bone meal is more close to milky white, on the contrary, if the bone meal content is low, bone china itself is very obvious yellow.
4). Listen to the sound: from the tone, white porcelain is heavier and thicker, the two bowls touched by the "ding" sound, there is basically no echo; and will be two high-grade bone china bowls placed on the hands of the spread for the collision, note that bone china is a high-temperature firing of porcelain, hardness is very high, such a collision will not appear broken.
10. China's bone china status
China first began in 1976 by the first porcelain factory in Tangshan City and the Tangshan Ceramic Research Institute. With the improvement of people's living standards, bone china as the world's recognized high-grade porcelain, more and more sought after by people, and its market scale is gradually expanding. China's all over the strife All over China, a variety of bone china, the main places of origin: Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other provinces, and the scale of the trend is expanding day by day.
